Table 1 A different source of macrophage to CAR M production. The macrophage cells have various sources for utilization in CAR M production, so this can improve their off-the-shelf potential

Macrophage cell line

THP-1 cell line

1. Have a homogenous genetic background

2. Not seen LPS-induced tolerance

3. Lower secretion of IL-8 and without production of IL-6 and 10

1. Cannot stay in the previous morphology

2. Low feasibility in the clinic

[135]

Human macrophages from PBMCs

Peripheral blood was collected, and macrophage cells were isolated by apheresis

1. Can stay in the previous morphology

2. More inflammatory properties due to expression surface markers

3. potent anti-tumor efficacy

1. Seen LPS-induced tolerance

2. Low potential for cell- engineering

3. High heterogeneity after gene-editing

4. Limited cell resources for particular malignancies

5. Donor dependent

6. High risk for GVHD outbreak

[135, 142]

HPSCs

The hPSCs can be collected from bone marrow, cord blood, peripheral blood after G-CSF mobilization, and an extensive bank of HLA-typed donors

1. High polarization ability to convert M1 and M2 phenotypes

2. Unlimited expansion in the cultural environment

3. Subjected to multiplex editing approach

1. In peripheral blood collection, it can affect previous treatments

2. Complicated manufacturing process

[121, 143]

iPSCs

Collecting the patient's blood cells and differentiating into various cell types

1. High polarization ability in M1 cell phenotypes

2. High potential of cytokine secretion in an antigen-dependent manner

3. High phagocytosis function

4. High flexibility in the expansion and genome editing

1. Production of some pro-inflammatory cytokines like IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-12 and possibility the creation adverse effect

2. Complicated manufacturing process

[142, 144]